(1) More ofthen than not, disagreements are based not on differences in reasoning, but in the values, assumptions, or informasioan brought to bear. (2) If we belive that all politicians are crooks, we will infer that a spesific politician’s action are acurrilous. (3) If we belive that politicians act for the good of all, we will look for same benefit in their actions. (4) Either way, we will try to use reason to expain the actions. (5) we will look for some coherent explanation as a way of making sense of things. (6) As we saw earlier, if we can understand why someone would do something, why someone might say something, why someone might act in a certain way, we feel we have made sense of the act or statement. (7) It’s like murder trail: if we can put together opportunity, motive, and menas, we can make a case. (8) The more evidence we have before us, adn the more carefully we reason, the more valid out inferences. (9) Our inferencs are not based on evidence. (10) This prichiple is also relevant in reading a text.

(1) More ofthen than not, disagreements are based not on differences in reasoning, but in the values, assumptions, or informasioan brought to bear. (2) If we belive that all politicians are crooks, we will infer that a spesific politician’s action are acurrilous. (3) If we belive that politicians act for the good of all, we will look for same benefit in their actions. (4) Either way, we will try to use reason to expain the actions. (5) we will look for some coherent explanation as a way of making sense of things. (6) As we saw earlier, if we can understand why someone would do something, why someone might say something, why someone might act in a certain way, we feel we have made sense of the act or statement. (7) It’s like murder trail: if we can put together opportunity, motive, and menas, we can make a case. (8) The more evidence we have before us, adn the more carefully we reason, the more valid out inferences. (9) Our inferencs are not based on evidence. (10) This prichiple is also relevant in reading a text.

There are tow common misinterpretations associated with the process of natural seection. The frist involves the pharase survival of the fit test. Individual survival is certainly important because those that do not survive will not reproduce. But the more important factor is the number of _(3)_ an organism leaves. An organisem that survived for many years but has hot reproduced has not contributed nay of its genes to the next generation and so has been selected against. The key _(4)_, is not survival alone but survival and reproduction of the more fit organisms. Second, the phrase struggle for life does not necessarily refer to open conflict and fighting. It is usually much more subtle than that. When a resource such as nesting material or food is in short supply, some individualis survive and reproduce more effectively than others. For example, many birds require holes in trees as nesting places. If these are in short supply, some birds will be fortunate and find a good nesting site, others will occupy less suitable holes, and some may not find any. There may or may not be fighting for _(5)_ of a site. If a site is already occupied, a bird may not necessarily try to _(6)_ its occupant but just continue to search for another site. Those that successfully occupy good nesting sites will be more _(7)_ in raising young than will thoes that must occupy poor sites or that do not find any.

........

There are tow common misinterpretations associated with the process of natural seection. The frist involves the pharase survival of the fit test. Individual survival is certainly important because those that do not survive will not reproduce. But the more important factor is the number of _(3)_ an organism leaves. An organisem that survived for many years but has hot reproduced has not contributed nay of its genes to the next generation and so has been selected against. The key _(4)_, is not survival alone but survival and reproduction of the more fit organisms. Second, the phrase struggle for life does not necessarily refer to open conflict and fighting. It is usually much more subtle than that. When a resource such as nesting material or food is in short supply, some individualis survive and reproduce more effectively than others. For example, many birds require holes in trees as nesting places. If these are in short supply, some birds will be fortunate and find a good nesting site, others will occupy less suitable holes, and some may not find any. There may or may not be fighting for _(5)_ of a site. If a site is already occupied, a bird may not necessarily try to _(6)_ its occupant but just continue to search for another site. Those that successfully occupy good nesting sites will be more _(7)_ in raising young than will thoes that must occupy poor sites or that do not find any.

There are tow common misinterpretations associated with the process of natural seection. The frist involves the pharase survival of the fit test. Individual survival is certainly important because those that do not survive will not reproduce. But the more important factor is the number of _(3)_ an organism leaves. An organisem that survived for many years but has hot reproduced has not contributed nay of its genes to the next generation and so has been selected against. The key _(4)_, is not survival alone but survival and reproduction of the more fit organisms. Second, the phrase struggle for life does not necessarily refer to open conflict and fighting. It is usually much more subtle than that. When a resource such as nesting material or food is in short supply, some individualis survive and reproduce more effectively than others. For example, many birds require holes in trees as nesting places. If these are in short supply, some birds will be fortunate and find a good nesting site, others will occupy less suitable holes, and some may not find any. There may or may not be fighting for _(5)_ of a site. If a site is already occupied, a bird may not necessarily try to _(6)_ its occupant but just continue to search for another site. Those that successfully occupy good nesting sites will be more _(7)_ in raising young than will thoes that must occupy poor sites or that do not find any.

There are tow common misinterpretations associated with the process of natural seection. The frist involves the pharase survival of the fit test. Individual survival is certainly important because those that do not survive will not reproduce. But the more important factor is the number of _(3)_ an organism leaves. An organisem that survived for many years but has hot reproduced has not contributed nay of its genes to the next generation and so has been selected against. The key _(4)_, is not survival alone but survival and reproduction of the more fit organisms. Second, the phrase struggle for life does not necessarily refer to open conflict and fighting. It is usually much more subtle than that. When a resource such as nesting material or food is in short supply, some individualis survive and reproduce more effectively than others. For example, many birds require holes in trees as nesting places. If these are in short supply, some birds will be fortunate and find a good nesting site, others will occupy less suitable holes, and some may not find any. There may or may not be fighting for _(5)_ of a site. If a site is already occupied, a bird may not necessarily try to _(6)_ its occupant but just continue to search for another site. Those that successfully occupy good nesting sites will be more _(7)_ in raising young than will thoes that must occupy poor sites or that do not find any.

There are tow common misinterpretations associated with the process of natural seection. The frist involves the pharase survival of the fit test. Individual survival is certainly important because those that do not survive will not reproduce. But the more important factor is the number of _(3)_ an organism leaves. An organisem that survived for many years but has hot reproduced has not contributed nay of its genes to the next generation and so has been selected against. The key _(4)_, is not survival alone but survival and reproduction of the more fit organisms. Second, the phrase struggle for life does not necessarily refer to open conflict and fighting. It is usually much more subtle than that. When a resource such as nesting material or food is in short supply, some individualis survive and reproduce more effectively than others. For example, many birds require holes in trees as nesting places. If these are in short supply, some birds will be fortunate and find a good nesting site, others will occupy less suitable holes, and some may not find any. There may or may not be fighting for _(5)_ of a site. If a site is already occupied, a bird may not necessarily try to _(6)_ its occupant but just continue to search for another site. Those that successfully occupy good nesting sites will be more _(7)_ in raising young than will thoes that must occupy poor sites or that do not find any.

Is it true animals tell us about bad weather is coming? If your dog always comes inside right before it rains, you may think that animals can predict the weather. You might hear that cats get frisky as kittens when a bad strom is approaching. It’s probably more accurate to say that animals react to certain environmental signals that accompany weather changes, not to the weather it self.

A prevalent opinion is that animals can detect certain events, like earthquakes, as soon as they happen, even if the originating event is a great distance away. While this ability wou;dn’t make much of a difference to people at the scene of the disaster, it could conceivably assist those located farther from the epicenter. Some researchers even believe animals may be able to sense the precursors to these events before they actually strike. They are saying that animals make greater use of their existing five senses, especially when compare to humans. However, hard evidence of this extremely limited most of the evidence is anecdotal.

The most critical sense is hearning. There are some sounds people can’t hear. On the low end of the scale infrasonic, low-pitchead sound vibrations on the hertz frequency scale falling below 20 hertz (Hz). One the other end are high-pitched sounds, like dog whistles. People typically hear in a range between 16 and 20,000 Hz (middle-aged adults usually don’t hear beyond 12,000 or 14,000 Hz). Elephants, however, generally hear between 16 and 12,000 Hz. Cattle also start hearing sound at 16 Hz, but can continue to hear all the way to 40,000 Hz. And earthquake shockwaves and ocean waves produce sounds in the infrasonic range.

Some researchers think certain animals, like elephants, get an early earthquake warning because they can sense shockwaves in the ground through their large feet. They don’t hear the sound but they do sense distant, unfamiliar vibrations rolling in that terrify them into fleeing for safety. How animals, not just elephants, sense these vibrations is generally unknown. Researchers are examining different organs, body parts and nerve chains in a variety of species that may be able to pick up sound vibrations that human just can’t sense.

This theory could also account for the just-in-time reactions of other animals with less acute hearning just prior to the tsunami. Researchers note that infrasonic sound produces uneasiness and nausea in people Animals may perceive these sound vibrations as dangerous and instinctively seek safety.

The most appropriate title for this passage is…..

Is it true animals tell us about bad weather is coming? If your dog always comes inside right before it rains, you may think that animals can predict the weather. You might hear that cats get frisky as kittens when a bad strom is approaching. It’s probably more accurate to say that animals react to certain environmental signals that accompany weather changes, not to the weather it self.

A prevalent opinion is that animals can detect certain events, like earthquakes, as soon as they happen, even if the originating event is a great distance away. While this ability wou;dn’t make much of a difference to people at the scene of the disaster, it could conceivably assist those located farther from the epicenter. Some researchers even believe animals may be able to sense the precursors to these events before they actually strike. They are saying that animals make greater use of their existing five senses, especially when compare to humans. However, hard evidence of this extremely limited most of the evidence is anecdotal.

The most critical sense is hearning. There are some sounds people can’t hear. On the low end of the scale infrasonic, low-pitchead sound vibrations on the hertz frequency scale falling below 20 hertz (Hz). One the other end are high-pitched sounds, like dog whistles. People typically hear in a range between 16 and 20,000 Hz (middle-aged adults usually don’t hear beyond 12,000 or 14,000 Hz). Elephants, however, generally hear between 16 and 12,000 Hz. Cattle also start hearing sound at 16 Hz, but can continue to hear all the way to 40,000 Hz. And earthquake shockwaves and ocean waves produce sounds in the infrasonic range.

Some researchers think certain animals, like elephants, get an early earthquake warning because they can sense shockwaves in the ground through their large feet. They don’t hear the sound but they do sense distant, unfamiliar vibrations rolling in that terrify them into fleeing for safety. How animals, not just elephants, sense these vibrations is generally unknown. Researchers are examining different organs, body parts and nerve chains in a variety of species that may be able to pick up sound vibrations that human just can’t sense.

This theory could also account for the just-in-time reactions of other animals with less acute hearning just prior to the tsunami. Researchers note that infrasonic sound produces uneasiness and nausea in people Animals may perceive these sound vibrations as dangerous and instinctively seek safety.

The word “conceivably” in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to……

Is it true animals tell us about bad weather is coming? If your dog always comes inside right before it rains, you may think that animals can predict the weather. You might hear that cats get frisky as kittens when a bad strom is approaching. It’s probably more accurate to say that animals react to certain environmental signals that accompany weather changes, not to the weather it self.

A prevalent opinion is that animals can detect certain events, like earthquakes, as soon as they happen, even if the originating event is a great distance away. While this ability wou;dn’t make much of a difference to people at the scene of the disaster, it could conceivably assist those located farther from the epicenter. Some researchers even believe animals may be able to sense the precursors to these events before they actually strike. They are saying that animals make greater use of their existing five senses, especially when compare to humans. However, hard evidence of this extremely limited most of the evidence is anecdotal.

The most critical sense is hearning. There are some sounds people can’t hear. On the low end of the scale infrasonic, low-pitchead sound vibrations on the hertz frequency scale falling below 20 hertz (Hz). One the other end are high-pitched sounds, like dog whistles. People typically hear in a range between 16 and 20,000 Hz (middle-aged adults usually don’t hear beyond 12,000 or 14,000 Hz). Elephants, however, generally hear between 16 and 12,000 Hz. Cattle also start hearing sound at 16 Hz, but can continue to hear all the way to 40,000 Hz. And earthquake shockwaves and ocean waves produce sounds in the infrasonic range.

Some researchers think certain animals, like elephants, get an early earthquake warning because they can sense shockwaves in the ground through their large feet. They don’t hear the sound but they do sense distant, unfamiliar vibrations rolling in that terrify them into fleeing for safety. How animals, not just elephants, sense these vibrations is generally unknown. Researchers are examining different organs, body parts and nerve chains in a variety of species that may be able to pick up sound vibrations that human just can’t sense.

This theory could also account for the just-in-time reactions of other animals with less acute hearning just prior to the tsunami. Researchers note that infrasonic sound produces uneasiness and nausea in people Animals may perceive these sound vibrations as dangerous and instinctively seek safety.

All of the following statements about animals behavior prior to bad weather are stated in the text, EXCEPT……

Is it true animals tell us about bad weather is coming? If your dog always comes inside right before it rains, you may think that animals can predict the weather. You might hear that cats get frisky as kittens when a bad strom is approaching. It’s probably more accurate to say that animals react to certain environmental signals that accompany weather changes, not to the weather it self.

A prevalent opinion is that animals can detect certain events, like earthquakes, as soon as they happen, even if the originating event is a great distance away. While this ability wou;dn’t make much of a difference to people at the scene of the disaster, it could conceivably assist those located farther from the epicenter. Some researchers even believe animals may be able to sense the precursors to these events before they actually strike. They are saying that animals make greater use of their existing five senses, especially when compare to humans. However, hard evidence of this extremely limited most of the evidence is anecdotal.

The most critical sense is hearning. There are some sounds people can’t hear. On the low end of the scale infrasonic, low-pitchead sound vibrations on the hertz frequency scale falling below 20 hertz (Hz). One the other end are high-pitched sounds, like dog whistles. People typically hear in a range between 16 and 20,000 Hz (middle-aged adults usually don’t hear beyond 12,000 or 14,000 Hz). Elephants, however, generally hear between 16 and 12,000 Hz. Cattle also start hearing sound at 16 Hz, but can continue to hear all the way to 40,000 Hz. And earthquake shockwaves and ocean waves produce sounds in the infrasonic range.

Some researchers think certain animals, like elephants, get an early earthquake warning because they can sense shockwaves in the ground through their large feet. They don’t hear the sound but they do sense distant, unfamiliar vibrations rolling in that terrify them into fleeing for safety. How animals, not just elephants, sense these vibrations is generally unknown. Researchers are examining different organs, body parts and nerve chains in a variety of species that may be able to pick up sound vibrations that human just can’t sense.

This theory could also account for the just-in-time reactions of other animals with less acute hearning just prior to the tsunami. Researchers note that infrasonic sound produces uneasiness and nausea in people Animals may perceive these sound vibrations as dangerous and instinctively seek safety.

According to the passage, the bad weather warnings shown by the animals…..

Is it true animals tell us about bad weather is coming? If your dog always comes inside right before it rains, you may think that animals can predict the weather. You might hear that cats get frisky as kittens when a bad strom is approaching. It’s probably more accurate to say that animals react to certain environmental signals that accompany weather changes, not to the weather it self.

A prevalent opinion is that animals can detect certain events, like earthquakes, as soon as they happen, even if the originating event is a great distance away. While this ability wou;dn’t make much of a difference to people at the scene of the disaster, it could conceivably assist those located farther from the epicenter. Some researchers even believe animals may be able to sense the precursors to these events before they actually strike. They are saying that animals make greater use of their existing five senses, especially when compare to humans. However, hard evidence of this extremely limited most of the evidence is anecdotal.

The most critical sense is hearning. There are some sounds people can’t hear. On the low end of the scale infrasonic, low-pitchead sound vibrations on the hertz frequency scale falling below 20 hertz (Hz). One the other end are high-pitched sounds, like dog whistles. People typically hear in a range between 16 and 20,000 Hz (middle-aged adults usually don’t hear beyond 12,000 or 14,000 Hz). Elephants, however, generally hear between 16 and 12,000 Hz. Cattle also start hearing sound at 16 Hz, but can continue to hear all the way to 40,000 Hz. And earthquake shockwaves and ocean waves produce sounds in the infrasonic range.

Some researchers think certain animals, like elephants, get an early earthquake warning because they can sense shockwaves in the ground through their large feet. They don’t hear the sound but they do sense distant, unfamiliar vibrations rolling in that terrify them into fleeing for safety. How animals, not just elephants, sense these vibrations is generally unknown. Researchers are examining different organs, body parts and nerve chains in a variety of species that may be able to pick up sound vibrations that human just can’t sense.

This theory could also account for the just-in-time reactions of other animals with less acute hearning just prior to the tsunami. Researchers note that infrasonic sound produces uneasiness and nausea in people Animals may perceive these sound vibrations as dangerous and instinctively seek safety.

The passage is most likely found in a …..

_1_ Current wisdom inclines toward the view that disasters are not exceptional events. _2_ They tend to be repetitive and to concentrate in particular places. _3_ With regard to natural catastrophes, seismic and volcanic belts, hurricane-generating areas and unstable slopes are well known. _4_ Moreover, the frequency of events and therefore their statistical recurrence intervals area often fairly well established at least for the smaller and more frequent occurrences. _5_ Many technological hazards also follow more or less predicateble patterns, although these may become apparent only when research reveals them. _6_ Finally, intelligence gathering, strategic studies, and policy analyses can help us to understand _(14)_. _7_Thus, there is little excuse for being caught unprepared.

_8_The main scope of emergency planning is to reduce the risk to life and limb posed by actual and potential disasters. _9_ Secondary motives involve reducing damage, ensuring public safety during the aftermath of a disaster, and caring for survivors and the _(15)_. _10_ Inefficiencies is planning are translated very easily into loss of life, injuries, or damage that could have been avoided. _11_ Thus, emergency planning is at least a moral, and perhaps also a legal, responsibility for all those _(16)_ are involved with the safety of the public or employees. _12_ Moreover, planning cannot be successfully improvised during emergencies, this represents one of the worst froms of inefficiency and most likely sources of error and confusion. _13_ Fortunately, however, 50 years of intensive research and accumulated experience have furnished an ample basis for planning.

_14_ Given that disasters tend to be repetitive events, they _(17)_ a cycle that can be devided into phases of mitigation, preparedness, response and delivery, including reconstruction. _15_ The frist two stages occur before catastrophe strikes and the last tow after wards. _16_ The actions take differ for each of the periods, as different needs are tackled _17_ Mitigation comprises all actions designed _(18)_ of future disasters. _18_ These are usually divided into structual measures and non-structural measures, which include land-use planning, insurance, legislation, and evacuation planning. _19_ The term preparedness refers to actions taken to ease the impact of disasters when they are forecast. _20_ They also include security measures, such as the evacuation of vulnerable populations and sandbagging or river levees as flood-waters begin to rise. _21_ Response refers to emergency actions take during _(19)_. _22 _The principal emphasis is on saving human lives. _23_ Victimes are rescued and the immediate needs of survivors are attended to. _24_ Recovery is the process of repairing damage, restoring services, and recontructing facilities after disaster has struck. _25_ While major catasterophes _(20)_ take as long as 25 years to recover, much less time is needed in lighter impacts or disasters that strike smaller areas.

The sentence “Whene a known significant risk exist, failure to plan can be taken as culpable negligence.” Should come after…..

_1_ Current wisdom inclines toward the view that disasters are not exceptional events. _2_ They tend to be repetitive and to concentrate in particular places. _3_ With regard to natural catastrophes, seismic and volcanic belts, hurricane-generating areas and unstable slopes are well known. _4_ Moreover, the frequency of events and therefore their statistical recurrence intervals area often fairly well established at least for the smaller and more frequent occurrences. _5_ Many technological hazards also follow more or less predicateble patterns, although these may become apparent only when research reveals them. _6_ Finally, intelligence gathering, strategic studies, and policy analyses can help us to understand _(14)_. _7_Thus, there is little excuse for being caught unprepared.

_8_The main scope of emergency planning is to reduce the risk to life and limb posed by actual and potential disasters. _9_ Secondary motives involve reducing damage, ensuring public safety during the aftermath of a disaster, and caring for survivors and the _(15)_. _10_ Inefficiencies is planning are translated very easily into loss of life, injuries, or damage that could have been avoided. _11_ Thus, emergency planning is at least a moral, and perhaps also a legal, responsibility for all those _(16)_ are involved with the safety of the public or employees. _12_ Moreover, planning cannot be successfully improvised during emergencies, this represents one of the worst froms of inefficiency and most likely sources of error and confusion. _13_ Fortunately, however, 50 years of intensive research and accumulated experience have furnished an ample basis for planning.

_14_ Given that disasters tend to be repetitive events, they _(17)_ a cycle that can be devided into phases of mitigation, preparedness, response and delivery, including reconstruction. _15_ The frist two stages occur before catastrophe strikes and the last tow after wards. _16_ The actions take differ for each of the periods, as different needs are tackled _17_ Mitigation comprises all actions designed _(18)_ of future disasters. _18_ These are usually divided into structual measures and non-structural measures, which include land-use planning, insurance, legislation, and evacuation planning. _19_ The term preparedness refers to actions taken to ease the impact of disasters when they are forecast. _20_ They also include security measures, such as the evacuation of vulnerable populations and sandbagging or river levees as flood-waters begin to rise. _21_ Response refers to emergency actions take during _(19)_. _22 _The principal emphasis is on saving human lives. _23_ Victimes are rescued and the immediate needs of survivors are attended to. _24_ Recovery is the process of repairing damage, restoring services, and recontructing facilities after disaster has struck. _25_ While major catasterophes _(20)_ take as long as 25 years to recover, much less time is needed in lighter impacts or disasters that strike smaller areas.

......

_1_ Current wisdom inclines toward the view that disasters are not exceptional events. _2_ They tend to be repetitive and to concentrate in particular places. _3_ With regard to natural catastrophes, seismic and volcanic belts, hurricane-generating areas and unstable slopes are well known. _4_ Moreover, the frequency of events and therefore their statistical recurrence intervals area often fairly well established at least for the smaller and more frequent occurrences. _5_ Many technological hazards also follow more or less predicateble patterns, although these may become apparent only when research reveals them. _6_ Finally, intelligence gathering, strategic studies, and policy analyses can help us to understand _(14)_. _7_Thus, there is little excuse for being caught unprepared.

_8_The main scope of emergency planning is to reduce the risk to life and limb posed by actual and potential disasters. _9_ Secondary motives involve reducing damage, ensuring public safety during the aftermath of a disaster, and caring for survivors and the _(15)_. _10_ Inefficiencies is planning are translated very easily into loss of life, injuries, or damage that could have been avoided. _11_ Thus, emergency planning is at least a moral, and perhaps also a legal, responsibility for all those _(16)_ are involved with the safety of the public or employees. _12_ Moreover, planning cannot be successfully improvised during emergencies, this represents one of the worst froms of inefficiency and most likely sources of error and confusion. _13_ Fortunately, however, 50 years of intensive research and accumulated experience have furnished an ample basis for planning.

_14_ Given that disasters tend to be repetitive events, they _(17)_ a cycle that can be devided into phases of mitigation, preparedness, response and delivery, including reconstruction. _15_ The frist two stages occur before catastrophe strikes and the last tow after wards. _16_ The actions take differ for each of the periods, as different needs are tackled _17_ Mitigation comprises all actions designed _(18)_ of future disasters. _18_ These are usually divided into structual measures and non-structural measures, which include land-use planning, insurance, legislation, and evacuation planning. _19_ The term preparedness refers to actions taken to ease the impact of disasters when they are forecast. _20_ They also include security measures, such as the evacuation of vulnerable populations and sandbagging or river levees as flood-waters begin to rise. _21_ Response refers to emergency actions take during _(19)_. _22 _The principal emphasis is on saving human lives. _23_ Victimes are rescued and the immediate needs of survivors are attended to. _24_ Recovery is the process of repairing damage, restoring services, and recontructing facilities after disaster has struck. _25_ While major catasterophes _(20)_ take as long as 25 years to recover, much less time is needed in lighter impacts or disasters that strike smaller areas.

.........

_1_ Current wisdom inclines toward the view that disasters are not exceptional events. _2_ They tend to be repetitive and to concentrate in particular places. _3_ With regard to natural catastrophes, seismic and volcanic belts, hurricane-generating areas and unstable slopes are well known. _4_ Moreover, the frequency of events and therefore their statistical recurrence intervals area often fairly well established at least for the smaller and more frequent occurrences. _5_ Many technological hazards also follow more or less predicateble patterns, although these may become apparent only when research reveals them. _6_ Finally, intelligence gathering, strategic studies, and policy analyses can help us to understand _(14)_. _7_Thus, there is little excuse for being caught unprepared.

_8_The main scope of emergency planning is to reduce the risk to life and limb posed by actual and potential disasters. _9_ Secondary motives involve reducing damage, ensuring public safety during the aftermath of a disaster, and caring for survivors and the _(15)_. _10_ Inefficiencies is planning are translated very easily into loss of life, injuries, or damage that could have been avoided. _11_ Thus, emergency planning is at least a moral, and perhaps also a legal, responsibility for all those _(16)_ are involved with the safety of the public or employees. _12_ Moreover, planning cannot be successfully improvised during emergencies, this represents one of the worst froms of inefficiency and most likely sources of error and confusion. _13_ Fortunately, however, 50 years of intensive research and accumulated experience have furnished an ample basis for planning.

_14_ Given that disasters tend to be repetitive events, they _(17)_ a cycle that can be devided into phases of mitigation, preparedness, response and delivery, including reconstruction. _15_ The frist two stages occur before catastrophe strikes and the last tow after wards. _16_ The actions take differ for each of the periods, as different needs are tackled _17_ Mitigation comprises all actions designed _(18)_ of future disasters. _18_ These are usually divided into structual measures and non-structural measures, which include land-use planning, insurance, legislation, and evacuation planning. _19_ The term preparedness refers to actions taken to ease the impact of disasters when they are forecast. _20_ They also include security measures, such as the evacuation of vulnerable populations and sandbagging or river levees as flood-waters begin to rise. _21_ Response refers to emergency actions take during _(19)_. _22 _The principal emphasis is on saving human lives. _23_ Victimes are rescued and the immediate needs of survivors are attended to. _24_ Recovery is the process of repairing damage, restoring services, and recontructing facilities after disaster has struck. _25_ While major catasterophes _(20)_ take as long as 25 years to recover, much less time is needed in lighter impacts or disasters that strike smaller areas.

........

_1_ Current wisdom inclines toward the view that disasters are not exceptional events. _2_ They tend to be repetitive and to concentrate in particular places. _3_ With regard to natural catastrophes, seismic and volcanic belts, hurricane-generating areas and unstable slopes are well known. _4_ Moreover, the frequency of events and therefore their statistical recurrence intervals area often fairly well established at least for the smaller and more frequent occurrences. _5_ Many technological hazards also follow more or less predicateble patterns, although these may become apparent only when research reveals them. _6_ Finally, intelligence gathering, strategic studies, and policy analyses can help us to understand _(14)_. _7_Thus, there is little excuse for being caught unprepared.

_8_The main scope of emergency planning is to reduce the risk to life and limb posed by actual and potential disasters. _9_ Secondary motives involve reducing damage, ensuring public safety during the aftermath of a disaster, and caring for survivors and the _(15)_. _10_ Inefficiencies is planning are translated very easily into loss of life, injuries, or damage that could have been avoided. _11_ Thus, emergency planning is at least a moral, and perhaps also a legal, responsibility for all those _(16)_ are involved with the safety of the public or employees. _12_ Moreover, planning cannot be successfully improvised during emergencies, this represents one of the worst froms of inefficiency and most likely sources of error and confusion. _13_ Fortunately, however, 50 years of intensive research and accumulated experience have furnished an ample basis for planning.

_14_ Given that disasters tend to be repetitive events, they _(17)_ a cycle that can be devided into phases of mitigation, preparedness, response and delivery, including reconstruction. _15_ The frist two stages occur before catastrophe strikes and the last tow after wards. _16_ The actions take differ for each of the periods, as different needs are tackled _17_ Mitigation comprises all actions designed _(18)_ of future disasters. _18_ These are usually divided into structual measures and non-structural measures, which include land-use planning, insurance, legislation, and evacuation planning. _19_ The term preparedness refers to actions taken to ease the impact of disasters when they are forecast. _20_ They also include security measures, such as the evacuation of vulnerable populations and sandbagging or river levees as flood-waters begin to rise. _21_ Response refers to emergency actions take during _(19)_. _22 _The principal emphasis is on saving human lives. _23_ Victimes are rescued and the immediate needs of survivors are attended to. _24_ Recovery is the process of repairing damage, restoring services, and recontructing facilities after disaster has struck. _25_ While major catasterophes _(20)_ take as long as 25 years to recover, much less time is needed in lighter impacts or disasters that strike smaller areas.

........

_1_ Current wisdom inclines toward the view that disasters are not exceptional events. _2_ They tend to be repetitive and to concentrate in particular places. _3_ With regard to natural catastrophes, seismic and volcanic belts, hurricane-generating areas and unstable slopes are well known. _4_ Moreover, the frequency of events and therefore their statistical recurrence intervals area often fairly well established at least for the smaller and more frequent occurrences. _5_ Many technological hazards also follow more or less predicateble patterns, although these may become apparent only when research reveals them. _6_ Finally, intelligence gathering, strategic studies, and policy analyses can help us to understand _(14)_. _7_Thus, there is little excuse for being caught unprepared.

_8_The main scope of emergency planning is to reduce the risk to life and limb posed by actual and potential disasters. _9_ Secondary motives involve reducing damage, ensuring public safety during the aftermath of a disaster, and caring for survivors and the _(15)_. _10_ Inefficiencies is planning are translated very easily into loss of life, injuries, or damage that could have been avoided. _11_ Thus, emergency planning is at least a moral, and perhaps also a legal, responsibility for all those _(16)_ are involved with the safety of the public or employees. _12_ Moreover, planning cannot be successfully improvised during emergencies, this represents one of the worst froms of inefficiency and most likely sources of error and confusion. _13_ Fortunately, however, 50 years of intensive research and accumulated experience have furnished an ample basis for planning.

_14_ Given that disasters tend to be repetitive events, they _(17)_ a cycle that can be devided into phases of mitigation, preparedness, response and delivery, including reconstruction. _15_ The frist two stages occur before catastrophe strikes and the last tow after wards. _16_ The actions take differ for each of the periods, as different needs are tackled _17_ Mitigation comprises all actions designed _(18)_ of future disasters. _18_ These are usually divided into structual measures and non-structural measures, which include land-use planning, insurance, legislation, and evacuation planning. _19_ The term preparedness refers to actions taken to ease the impact of disasters when they are forecast. _20_ They also include security measures, such as the evacuation of vulnerable populations and sandbagging or river levees as flood-waters begin to rise. _21_ Response refers to emergency actions take during _(19)_. _22 _The principal emphasis is on saving human lives. _23_ Victimes are rescued and the immediate needs of survivors are attended to. _24_ Recovery is the process of repairing damage, restoring services, and recontructing facilities after disaster has struck. _25_ While major catasterophes _(20)_ take as long as 25 years to recover, much less time is needed in lighter impacts or disasters that strike smaller areas.

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_1_ Current wisdom inclines toward the view that disasters are not exceptional events. _2_ They tend to be repetitive and to concentrate in particular places. _3_ With regard to natural catastrophes, seismic and volcanic belts, hurricane-generating areas and unstable slopes are well known. _4_ Moreover, the frequency of events and therefore their statistical recurrence intervals area often fairly well established at least for the smaller and more frequent occurrences. _5_ Many technological hazards also follow more or less predicateble patterns, although these may become apparent only when research reveals them. _6_ Finally, intelligence gathering, strategic studies, and policy analyses can help us to understand _(14)_. _7_Thus, there is little excuse for being caught unprepared.

_8_The main scope of emergency planning is to reduce the risk to life and limb posed by actual and potential disasters. _9_ Secondary motives involve reducing damage, ensuring public safety during the aftermath of a disaster, and caring for survivors and the _(15)_. _10_ Inefficiencies is planning are translated very easily into loss of life, injuries, or damage that could have been avoided. _11_ Thus, emergency planning is at least a moral, and perhaps also a legal, responsibility for all those _(16)_ are involved with the safety of the public or employees. _12_ Moreover, planning cannot be successfully improvised during emergencies, this represents one of the worst froms of inefficiency and most likely sources of error and confusion. _13_ Fortunately, however, 50 years of intensive research and accumulated experience have furnished an ample basis for planning.

_14_ Given that disasters tend to be repetitive events, they _(17)_ a cycle that can be devided into phases of mitigation, preparedness, response and delivery, including reconstruction. _15_ The frist two stages occur before catastrophe strikes and the last tow after wards. _16_ The actions take differ for each of the periods, as different needs are tackled _17_ Mitigation comprises all actions designed _(18)_ of future disasters. _18_ These are usually divided into structual measures and non-structural measures, which include land-use planning, insurance, legislation, and evacuation planning. _19_ The term preparedness refers to actions taken to ease the impact of disasters when they are forecast. _20_ They also include security measures, such as the evacuation of vulnerable populations and sandbagging or river levees as flood-waters begin to rise. _21_ Response refers to emergency actions take during _(19)_. _22 _The principal emphasis is on saving human lives. _23_ Victimes are rescued and the immediate needs of survivors are attended to. _24_ Recovery is the process of repairing damage, restoring services, and recontructing facilities after disaster has struck. _25_ While major catasterophes _(20)_ take as long as 25 years to recover, much less time is needed in lighter impacts or disasters that strike smaller areas.

_1_ Current wisdom inclines toward the view that disasters are not exceptional events. _2_ They tend to be repetitive and to concentrate in particular places. _3_ With regard to natural catastrophes, seismic and volcanic belts, hurricane-generating areas and unstable slopes are well known. _4_ Moreover, the frequency of events and therefore their statistical recurrence intervals area often fairly well established at least for the smaller and more frequent occurrences. _5_ Many technological hazards also follow more or less predicateble patterns, although these may become apparent only when research reveals them. _6_ Finally, intelligence gathering, strategic studies, and policy analyses can help us to understand _(14)_. _7_Thus, there is little excuse for being caught unprepared.

_8_The main scope of emergency planning is to reduce the risk to life and limb posed by actual and potential disasters. _9_ Secondary motives involve reducing damage, ensuring public safety during the aftermath of a disaster, and caring for survivors and the _(15)_. _10_ Inefficiencies is planning are translated very easily into loss of life, injuries, or damage that could have been avoided. _11_ Thus, emergency planning is at least a moral, and perhaps also a legal, responsibility for all those _(16)_ are involved with the safety of the public or employees. _12_ Moreover, planning cannot be successfully improvised during emergencies, this represents one of the worst froms of inefficiency and most likely sources of error and confusion. _13_ Fortunately, however, 50 years of intensive research and accumulated experience have furnished an ample basis for planning.

_14_ Given that disasters tend to be repetitive events, they _(17)_ a cycle that can be devided into phases of mitigation, preparedness, response and delivery, including reconstruction. _15_ The frist two stages occur before catastrophe strikes and the last tow after wards. _16_ The actions take differ for each of the periods, as different needs are tackled _17_ Mitigation comprises all actions designed _(18)_ of future disasters. _18_ These are usually divided into structual measures and non-structural measures, which include land-use planning, insurance, legislation, and evacuation planning. _19_ The term preparedness refers to actions taken to ease the impact of disasters when they are forecast. _20_ They also include security measures, such as the evacuation of vulnerable populations and sandbagging or river levees as flood-waters begin to rise. _21_ Response refers to emergency actions take during _(19)_. _22 _The principal emphasis is on saving human lives. _23_ Victimes are rescued and the immediate needs of survivors are attended to. _24_ Recovery is the process of repairing damage, restoring services, and recontructing facilities after disaster has struck. _25_ While major catasterophes _(20)_ take as long as 25 years to recover, much less time is needed in lighter impacts or disasters that strike smaller areas.

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