(1) Child development refers to the biological, psychological, and emotional changes that occur in human being between birth and the end of adolescence, as the individual progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy. (2) It is a continuous process with a predictable sequence yet having a unique course for every child. (3) It does not progress at the same rate and each stage is affected by the preceding types of development. (4) Because these developmental changes may be strongly influenced by genetic factors and events during prenatal life, genetic and prenatal development are usually included as part of the study of child development. (5) Child care programs present a critical opportunity for the promotion of child development. (6) Developmental change may occur as a result of genetically-controlled processes known as maturation, or as a result of environmental factors and learning, but most commonly involves an interaction between the tow. (7) It may also occur as a result of human nature and our ability to learn from our  environment.

Which sentence is irrelevant to the topic of the passage….

(1) Child development refers to the biological, psychological, and emotional changes that occur in human being between birth and the end of adolescence, as the individual progresses from dependency to increasing autonomy. (2) It is a continuous process with a predictable sequence yet having a unique course for every child. (3) It does not progress at the same rate and each stage is affected by the preceding types of development. (4) Because these developmental changes may be strongly influenced by genetic factors and events during prenatal life, genetic and prenatal development are usually included as part of the study of child development. (5) Child care programs present a critical opportunity for the promotion of child development. (6) Developmental change may occur as a result of genetically-controlled processes known as maturation, or as a result of environmental factors and learning, but most commonly involves an interaction between the tow. (7) It may also occur as a result of human nature and our ability to learn from our  environment.

In rapidly growing cities such as Beijing and New Delhi, air pollution has become so severe that respiratory disease is on the rise. Thick balankets of smog are often a by-product of economic growth, which result in more vehicles on the road and no more burning of fossil fuels. The bad air can indeed be deadly;_(3)_, outdoor air pollution, both in cities and rural areas, prematurely killed 3,7 milion pople world wide in 2012, according to the World Health Organization. With two-thirds of the population expected to live in cities by 2050, the need to ease urban pollution is particularly_(4)_. Los Angeles offers an example of what cities can do to reduce pollution. Long notorius for its smog, the city has been some air_(5)_ decline by 98 percent over the past 50 years, even though an invreasing population has used more gasoline. Rules to make cars and fuels cleaner helpad achieve the reductions, _(6)_ the city still struggles with air quality issues. In 2014, Los Angles saw an uptick in smog due to heat and drought, suggesting the fight against air pollution_(7)_ a challenge for cities dealing with both climate change and population growth.

In rapidly growing cities such as Beijing and New Delhi, air pollution has become so severe that respiratory disease is on the rise. Thick balankets of smog are often a by-product of economic growth, which result in more vehicles on the road and no more burning of fossil fuels. The bad air can indeed be deadly;_(3)_, outdoor air pollution, both in cities and rural areas, prematurely killed 3,7 milion pople world wide in 2012, according to the World Health Organization. With two-thirds of the population expected to live in cities by 2050, the need to ease urban pollution is particularly_(4)_. Los Angeles offers an example of what cities can do to reduce pollution. Long notorius for its smog, the city has been some air_(5)_ decline by 98 percent over the past 50 years, even though an invreasing population has used more gasoline. Rules to make cars and fuels cleaner helpad achieve the reductions, _(6)_ the city still struggles with air quality issues. In 2014, Los Angles saw an uptick in smog due to heat and drought, suggesting the fight against air pollution_(7)_ a challenge for cities dealing with both climate change and population growth.

In rapidly growing cities such as Beijing and New Delhi, air pollution has become so severe that respiratory disease is on the rise. Thick balankets of smog are often a by-product of economic growth, which result in more vehicles on the road and no more burning of fossil fuels. The bad air can indeed be deadly;_(3)_, outdoor air pollution, both in cities and rural areas, prematurely killed 3,7 milion pople world wide in 2012, according to the World Health Organization. With two-thirds of the population expected to live in cities by 2050, the need to ease urban pollution is particularly_(4)_. Los Angeles offers an example of what cities can do to reduce pollution. Long notorius for its smog, the city has been some air_(5)_ decline by 98 percent over the past 50 years, even though an invreasing population has used more gasoline. Rules to make cars and fuels cleaner helpad achieve the reductions, _(6)_ the city still struggles with air quality issues. In 2014, Los Angles saw an uptick in smog due to heat and drought, suggesting the fight against air pollution_(7)_ a challenge for cities dealing with both climate change and population growth.

In rapidly growing cities such as Beijing and New Delhi, air pollution has become so severe that respiratory disease is on the rise. Thick balankets of smog are often a by-product of economic growth, which result in more vehicles on the road and no more burning of fossil fuels. The bad air can indeed be deadly;_(3)_, outdoor air pollution, both in cities and rural areas, prematurely killed 3,7 milion pople world wide in 2012, according to the World Health Organization. With two-thirds of the population expected to live in cities by 2050, the need to ease urban pollution is particularly_(4)_. Los Angeles offers an example of what cities can do to reduce pollution. Long notorius for its smog, the city has been some air_(5)_ decline by 98 percent over the past 50 years, even though an invreasing population has used more gasoline. Rules to make cars and fuels cleaner helpad achieve the reductions, _(6)_ the city still struggles with air quality issues. In 2014, Los Angles saw an uptick in smog due to heat and drought, suggesting the fight against air pollution_(7)_ a challenge for cities dealing with both climate change and population growth.

A forgotten issue in urbanism is lands are use during the night time, with problems such as noise and dirt, which could be improved with information from Twitter. At least this is what Enriwue and Vanessa Frias-Martinez believe, computer science researchers at Telefonica Research and the University of Maryland (USA) respectively, who have suggested using geolocalized tweets for planning and land use.

Enrique Frias-Martinez explained that geolocalized tweets can be very useful source of information for planning since it is an activity carried out by a large number of people who provide information on where they are at a specific time and what they are doing. The researcher points out that thanks to the increased use of smartphones, social networks like Twitter and Facebook have made it possible to access and produce information ubiquitously.

These networks generate tags with the event’s geolocation. The new technique “automatically determines land uses in urban areas by grouping together geographical regions with similar patterns of Twitter activity, “ says the researcher. Using aggreagete activity of tweets, the Frias-Martinez sibilings have studied land use in Manhattan, Madrid, and London. In the frist two cases they identified for user: residential, business. Day time leisure (mainly parks and tourust areas) and nightlife areas. The study has determaines that, in Madrid, night-time tweet activity is concentrated on weekends and in Manhattan, on weekdays. On the other hand, London is characterized by its tweeting activity in daytime leisure areas.

According to the passage, which of the following is NOT TRUE about the study……

A forgotten issue in urbanism is lands are use during the night time, with problems such as noise and dirt, which could be improved with information from Twitter. At least this is what Enriwue and Vanessa Frias-Martinez believe, computer science researchers at Telefonica Research and the University of Maryland (USA) respectively, who have suggested using geolocalized tweets for planning and land use.

Enrique Frias-Martinez explained that geolocalized tweets can be very useful source of information for planning since it is an activity carried out by a large number of people who provide information on where they are at a specific time and what they are doing. The researcher points out that thanks to the increased use of smartphones, social networks like Twitter and Facebook have made it possible to access and produce information ubiquitously.

These networks generate tags with the event’s geolocation. The new technique “automatically determines land uses in urban areas by grouping together geographical regions with similar patterns of Twitter activity, “ says the researcher. Using aggreagete activity of tweets, the Frias-Martinez sibilings have studied land use in Manhattan, Madrid, and London. In the frist two cases they identified for user: residential, business. Day time leisure (mainly parks and tourust areas) and nightlife areas. The study has determaines that, in Madrid, night-time tweet activity is concentrated on weekends and in Manhattan, on weekdays. On the other hand, London is characterized by its tweeting activity in daytime leisure areas.

The author’s purpose in writing the passage is to……

A forgotten issue in urbanism is lands are use during the night time, with problems such as noise and dirt, which could be improved with information from Twitter. At least this is what Enriwue and Vanessa Frias-Martinez believe, computer science researchers at Telefonica Research and the University of Maryland (USA) respectively, who have suggested using geolocalized tweets for planning and land use.

Enrique Frias-Martinez explained that geolocalized tweets can be very useful source of information for planning since it is an activity carried out by a large number of people who provide information on where they are at a specific time and what they are doing. The researcher points out that thanks to the increased use of smartphones, social networks like Twitter and Facebook have made it possible to access and produce information ubiquitously.

These networks generate tags with the event’s geolocation. The new technique “automatically determines land uses in urban areas by grouping together geographical regions with similar patterns of Twitter activity, “ says the researcher. Using aggreagete activity of tweets, the Frias-Martinez sibilings have studied land use in Manhattan, Madrid, and London. In the frist two cases they identified for user: residential, business. Day time leisure (mainly parks and tourust areas) and nightlife areas. The study has determaines that, in Madrid, night-time tweet activity is concentrated on weekends and in Manhattan, on weekdays. On the other hand, London is characterized by its tweeting activity in daytime leisure areas.

This text would probably be found in…..

A forgotten issue in urbanism is lands are use during the night time, with problems such as noise and dirt, which could be improved with information from Twitter. At least this is what Enriwue and Vanessa Frias-Martinez believe, computer science researchers at Telefonica Research and the University of Maryland (USA) respectively, who have suggested using geolocalized tweets for planning and land use.

Enrique Frias-Martinez explained that geolocalized tweets can be very useful source of information for planning since it is an activity carried out by a large number of people who provide information on where they are at a specific time and what they are doing. The researcher points out that thanks to the increased use of smartphones, social networks like Twitter and Facebook have made it possible to access and produce information ubiquitously.

These networks generate tags with the event’s geolocation. The new technique “automatically determines land uses in urban areas by grouping together geographical regions with similar patterns of Twitter activity, “ says the researcher. Using aggreagete activity of tweets, the Frias-Martinez sibilings have studied land use in Manhattan, Madrid, and London. In the frist two cases they identified for user: residential, business. Day time leisure (mainly parks and tourust areas) and nightlife areas. The study has determaines that, in Madrid, night-time tweet activity is concentrated on weekends and in Manhattan, on weekdays. On the other hand, London is characterized by its tweeting activity in daytime leisure areas.

The tone of this passage is…….

Deforestation is clearing Earth’s forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of the land. Forests still cover about 30 percents of the world’s land area, but swaths the sizes of Panama are lost each and every year. The world’s rain forest could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation.

Forests are cut down for many reasons. Yet, most of them _(13)_ tp people’s need to provide for their families. The biggest driver of deforestation is agriculture. Farmers cut forests to proide more room for_(14)_, Often small farmers will each clear a few acres to feed their families by cutting down trees and burning them in a process known as “slash and burn agriculture.

Logging operations, which provide the world’s wood and paper products, also cut countless trees each year. Logger, some of _(16)_ are acting illigally, also build roads to acess remote forests- which leads to further deforestation. Forests are also cut as a result of growing urban sprawl.

Not all deforestation is intentional. Some is caused by a combination of human and natural factors like wildfires and subsequent overgrazing.

Regardless of the causes, deforestation has many negative efects on the environment. The most dramatic impact is _(17)_. Seventy percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot survive the deforestation that destroys their homes.

Deforestation also drivers climate change. Forest soils are moist, but without protection from sun blocking tree cover they quickly dry out. Trees also help _(18)_ the water cycle by returing water vapour back into the atmosphere.

Trees also play a critical role in absorbing the greenhouse gases that fuel global warming. Fewer forests mean larger amounts of greenhouses gaess_(19)_ the atmosphere – and increased speed and severity of global warming.

........

Deforestation is clearing Earth’s forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of the land. Forests still cover about 30 percents of the world’s land area, but swaths the sizes of Panama are lost each and every year. The world’s rain forest could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation.

Forests are cut down for many reasons. Yet, most of them _(13)_ tp people’s need to provide for their families. The biggest driver of deforestation is agriculture. Farmers cut forests to proide more room for_(14)_, Often small farmers will each clear a few acres to feed their families by cutting down trees and burning them in a process known as “slash and burn agriculture.

Logging operations, which provide the world’s wood and paper products, also cut countless trees each year. Logger, some of _(16)_ are acting illigally, also build roads to acess remote forests- which leads to further deforestation. Forests are also cut as a result of growing urban sprawl.

Not all deforestation is intentional. Some is caused by a combination of human and natural factors like wildfires and subsequent overgrazing.

Regardless of the causes, deforestation has many negative efects on the environment. The most dramatic impact is _(17)_. Seventy percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot survive the deforestation that destroys their homes.

Deforestation also drivers climate change. Forest soils are moist, but without protection from sun blocking tree cover they quickly dry out. Trees also help _(18)_ the water cycle by returing water vapour back into the atmosphere.

Trees also play a critical role in absorbing the greenhouse gases that fuel global warming. Fewer forests mean larger amounts of greenhouses gaess_(19)_ the atmosphere – and increased speed and severity of global warming.

The italicized phrase in paragraph 3 mean…….

Deforestation is clearing Earth’s forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of the land. Forests still cover about 30 percents of the world’s land area, but swaths the sizes of Panama are lost each and every year. The world’s rain forest could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation.

Forests are cut down for many reasons. Yet, most of them _(13)_ tp people’s need to provide for their families. The biggest driver of deforestation is agriculture. Farmers cut forests to proide more room for_(14)_, Often small farmers will each clear a few acres to feed their families by cutting down trees and burning them in a process known as “slash and burn agriculture.

Logging operations, which provide the world’s wood and paper products, also cut countless trees each year. Logger, some of _(16)_ are acting illigally, also build roads to acess remote forests- which leads to further deforestation. Forests are also cut as a result of growing urban sprawl.

Not all deforestation is intentional. Some is caused by a combination of human and natural factors like wildfires and subsequent overgrazing.

Regardless of the causes, deforestation has many negative efects on the environment. The most dramatic impact is _(17)_. Seventy percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot survive the deforestation that destroys their homes.

Deforestation also drivers climate change. Forest soils are moist, but without protection from sun blocking tree cover they quickly dry out. Trees also help _(18)_ the water cycle by returing water vapour back into the atmosphere.

Trees also play a critical role in absorbing the greenhouse gases that fuel global warming. Fewer forests mean larger amounts of greenhouses gaess_(19)_ the atmosphere – and increased speed and severity of global warming.

........

Deforestation is clearing Earth’s forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of the land. Forests still cover about 30 percents of the world’s land area, but swaths the sizes of Panama are lost each and every year. The world’s rain forest could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation.

Forests are cut down for many reasons. Yet, most of them _(13)_ tp people’s need to provide for their families. The biggest driver of deforestation is agriculture. Farmers cut forests to proide more room for_(14)_, Often small farmers will each clear a few acres to feed their families by cutting down trees and burning them in a process known as “slash and burn agriculture.

Logging operations, which provide the world’s wood and paper products, also cut countless trees each year. Logger, some of _(16)_ are acting illigally, also build roads to acess remote forests- which leads to further deforestation. Forests are also cut as a result of growing urban sprawl.

Not all deforestation is intentional. Some is caused by a combination of human and natural factors like wildfires and subsequent overgrazing.

Regardless of the causes, deforestation has many negative efects on the environment. The most dramatic impact is _(17)_. Seventy percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot survive the deforestation that destroys their homes.

Deforestation also drivers climate change. Forest soils are moist, but without protection from sun blocking tree cover they quickly dry out. Trees also help _(18)_ the water cycle by returing water vapour back into the atmosphere.

Trees also play a critical role in absorbing the greenhouse gases that fuel global warming. Fewer forests mean larger amounts of greenhouses gaess_(19)_ the atmosphere – and increased speed and severity of global warming.

..........

Deforestation is clearing Earth’s forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of the land. Forests still cover about 30 percents of the world’s land area, but swaths the sizes of Panama are lost each and every year. The world’s rain forest could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation.

Forests are cut down for many reasons. Yet, most of them _(13)_ tp people’s need to provide for their families. The biggest driver of deforestation is agriculture. Farmers cut forests to proide more room for_(14)_, Often small farmers will each clear a few acres to feed their families by cutting down trees and burning them in a process known as “slash and burn agriculture.

Logging operations, which provide the world’s wood and paper products, also cut countless trees each year. Logger, some of _(16)_ are acting illigally, also build roads to acess remote forests- which leads to further deforestation. Forests are also cut as a result of growing urban sprawl.

Not all deforestation is intentional. Some is caused by a combination of human and natural factors like wildfires and subsequent overgrazing.

Regardless of the causes, deforestation has many negative efects on the environment. The most dramatic impact is _(17)_. Seventy percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot survive the deforestation that destroys their homes.

Deforestation also drivers climate change. Forest soils are moist, but without protection from sun blocking tree cover they quickly dry out. Trees also help _(18)_ the water cycle by returing water vapour back into the atmosphere.

Trees also play a critical role in absorbing the greenhouse gases that fuel global warming. Fewer forests mean larger amounts of greenhouses gaess_(19)_ the atmosphere – and increased speed and severity of global warming.

.........

Deforestation is clearing Earth’s forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of the land. Forests still cover about 30 percents of the world’s land area, but swaths the sizes of Panama are lost each and every year. The world’s rain forest could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation.

Forests are cut down for many reasons. Yet, most of them _(13)_ tp people’s need to provide for their families. The biggest driver of deforestation is agriculture. Farmers cut forests to proide more room for_(14)_, Often small farmers will each clear a few acres to feed their families by cutting down trees and burning them in a process known as “slash and burn agriculture.

Logging operations, which provide the world’s wood and paper products, also cut countless trees each year. Logger, some of _(16)_ are acting illigally, also build roads to acess remote forests- which leads to further deforestation. Forests are also cut as a result of growing urban sprawl.

Not all deforestation is intentional. Some is caused by a combination of human and natural factors like wildfires and subsequent overgrazing.

Regardless of the causes, deforestation has many negative efects on the environment. The most dramatic impact is _(17)_. Seventy percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot survive the deforestation that destroys their homes.

Deforestation also drivers climate change. Forest soils are moist, but without protection from sun blocking tree cover they quickly dry out. Trees also help _(18)_ the water cycle by returing water vapour back into the atmosphere.

Trees also play a critical role in absorbing the greenhouse gases that fuel global warming. Fewer forests mean larger amounts of greenhouses gaess_(19)_ the atmosphere – and increased speed and severity of global warming.

.........

Deforestation is clearing Earth’s forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of the land. Forests still cover about 30 percents of the world’s land area, but swaths the sizes of Panama are lost each and every year. The world’s rain forest could completely vanish in a hundred years at the current rate of deforestation.

Forests are cut down for many reasons. Yet, most of them _(13)_ tp people’s need to provide for their families. The biggest driver of deforestation is agriculture. Farmers cut forests to proide more room for_(14)_, Often small farmers will each clear a few acres to feed their families by cutting down trees and burning them in a process known as “slash and burn agriculture.

Logging operations, which provide the world’s wood and paper products, also cut countless trees each year. Logger, some of _(16)_ are acting illigally, also build roads to acess remote forests- which leads to further deforestation. Forests are also cut as a result of growing urban sprawl.

Not all deforestation is intentional. Some is caused by a combination of human and natural factors like wildfires and subsequent overgrazing.

Regardless of the causes, deforestation has many negative efects on the environment. The most dramatic impact is _(17)_. Seventy percent of Earth’s land animals and plants live in forests, and many cannot survive the deforestation that destroys their homes.

Deforestation also drivers climate change. Forest soils are moist, but without protection from sun blocking tree cover they quickly dry out. Trees also help _(18)_ the water cycle by returing water vapour back into the atmosphere.

Trees also play a critical role in absorbing the greenhouse gases that fuel global warming. Fewer forests mean larger amounts of greenhouses gaess_(19)_ the atmosphere – and increased speed and severity of global warming.

The sentence ‘Without trees to fill these roles many former forest lands can become barren deserts.’ Should be ……..